准初三暑期逆袭指南、资料.zip
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准初三暑期逆袭指南、资料.zip <link href="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/css/base.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/css/fancy.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89696450/raw.css" rel="stylesheet"/><div id="sidebar" style="display: none"><div id="outline"></div></div><div class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1" id="pf1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img alt="" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89696450/bg1.jpg"/><div class="c x1 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>1 <span class="_"> </span></span>页<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>共<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>49 <span class="_"> </span></span>页</div></div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y3 ff3 fs1 fc1 sc1 ls0 ws0">初中化学<span class="_ _0"></span>知识归纳<span class="_ _0"></span>总结（打<span class="_ _0"></span>印版）</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y4 ff3 fs2 fc1 sc1 ls0 ws0">一、基本概<span class="_ _0"></span>念：<span class="ff4"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y5 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">1<span class="ff3">、化学变化<span class="_ _0"></span>：<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">生成了其它物质的变</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y6 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">2<span class="ff3">、物理变化<span class="_ _0"></span>：<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">没有生成其它物质的变化<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y7 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">3<span class="ff3">、物理性质<span class="_ _0"></span>：<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">不需要发生化学变化就表现出来的性质<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y8 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(<span class="ff1">如</span>:<span class="ff1">颜色、状态、密度、气味、熔点、沸点、硬度、水溶性等</span>) </div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y9 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">4<span class="ff3">、化学性质<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：物质在化学变化中表现出来的性质<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 ya ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">(<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">如<span class="ff5">:</span>可燃性、助燃性、氧化性、还原性、酸碱性、稳定性等<span class="ff5">) </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 yb ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">5<span class="ff3">、纯净<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">物：由一种物质组成<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 yc ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">6<span class="ff3">、混合物<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：由两种或两种以上纯净物组成<span class="ff5">,</span>各物质都保持原来的性质<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 yd ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">7<span class="ff3">、元素：<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">具有相同核电荷数<span class="ff5">(</span>即质子数<span class="ff5">)</span>的一类原子的总称<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 ye ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">8<span class="ff3">、原子<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：是在化学变化中的最小粒子，在化学变化中不可再分<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 yf ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">9<span class="ff3">、分子<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：是保持物质化学性质的最小粒子，在化学变化中可以再分<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y10 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">10<span class="ff3">、单质<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：由同种元素组成的纯净物<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y11 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">11<span class="ff3">、化合物<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：由不同种元素组成的纯净物<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y12 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">12<span class="ff3">、氧化<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">物：由两种元素组成的化合物中<span class="ff5">,</span>其中有一种元素是氧元素<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y13 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">13<span class="ff3">、化学式<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：用元素符号来表示物质组成的式子<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y14 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">14<span class="ff3">、相对原<span class="_ _0"></span>子质量<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：以一种碳原子的质量的<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">1/12<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>作为标准<span class="ff5">,</span>其它原子的质量跟它比较所得的值<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y15 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">某原子的相对原子质量<span class="ff5">= </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y16 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">相对原子质量<span class="ff5"> </span>≈<span class="ff5"> </span>质子数<span class="ff5"> + </span>中子数<span class="ff5"> (</span>因为原子的质量主要集中在原子核<span class="ff5">) </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y17 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">15<span class="ff3">、相对分<span class="_ _0"></span>子质量<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：化学式中各原子的相对原子质量的总和<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y18 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">16<span class="ff3">、离子<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：带有电荷的原子或原子团<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y19 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">17<span class="ff3">、原子的<span class="_ _0"></span>结构<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y1a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">原子、离子的关系：<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y1b ff3 fs2 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">注<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：在离子里，核电荷数<span class="ff5"> = </span>质子数<span class="ff5"> </span>≠<span class="ff5"> </span>核外电子数<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y1c ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">18<span class="ff3">、四种化<span class="_ _0"></span>学反应基本类型<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：<span class="_ _2"></span>（见文末具体总结）<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y1d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">①化合反应：<span class="ff5"> </span>由两种或两种以上物质生成一种物质的反应<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y1e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">如：<span class="ff5">A + B = AB </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y1f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">②分解反应：由一种物质生成两种或两种以上其它物质的反应<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y20 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">如：<span class="ff5">AB = A + B </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y21 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">③置换反应：由一种单质和一种化合物起反应，生成另一种单质和另一种化合物的反应<span class="ff5"> </span>如：</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y22 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A + BC = AC + B </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div><div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89696450/bg2.jpg"><div class="c x1 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>2 <span class="_"> </span></span>页<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>共<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>49 <span class="_"> </span></span>页</div></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y23 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">④复分解反应：由两种化合物相互交换成分，生成另外两种化合物的反应<span class="ff5"> </span>如：<span class="ff5">AB + CD = AD + CB </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y24 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">19<span class="ff3">、还原反<span class="_ _0"></span>应：<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">在反应中，含氧化合物的氧被夺去的反应<span class="ff5">(</span>不属于化学的基本反应类型<span class="ff5">) </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y25 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">氧化反应：物质跟氧发生的化学反应<span class="ff5">(</span>不属于化学的基本反应类型<span class="ff5">) </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y26 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">缓慢氧化：进行得很慢的<span class="ff5">,</span>甚至不容易察觉的氧化反应<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y27 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">自燃：由缓慢氧化而引起的自发燃烧<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y28 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">20<span class="ff3">、催化剂<span class="_ _3"></span><span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：<span class="_ _4"></span>在化学变化里能改变其它物质的化学反应速率<span class="ff5">,</span>而本身的质量和化学性在化学变化前后都没</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y29 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">有变化的物质（注：<span class="ff5">2H2O2 === 2H2O + O2 </span>↑<span class="ff5"> </span>此反应<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">MnO2<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>是催化剂）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y2a ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">21<span class="ff3">、质量守<span class="_ _0"></span>恒定律<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：参加化学反应的各物质的质量总和，等于反应后生成物质的质量总和。<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y2b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">（反应的前后，原子的数目、种类、质量都不变；元素的种类也不变）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y2c ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">22<span class="ff3">、溶液<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：一种或几种物质分散到另一种物质里，形成均一的、稳定的混合物<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y2d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">溶液的<span class="_ _0"></span>组成：溶<span class="_ _0"></span>剂和溶<span class="_ _0"></span>质。<span class="_ _2"></span>（<span class="_ _0"></span>溶质可以<span class="_ _0"></span>是固体<span class="_ _0"></span>、液体或<span class="_ _0"></span>气体；<span class="_ _0"></span>固、气溶<span class="_ _0"></span>于液体<span class="_ _0"></span>时，固<span class="_ _0"></span>、气是溶<span class="_ _0"></span>质，液<span class="_ _0"></span>体是</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y2e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">溶剂<span class="_ _5"></span>；<span class="_ _5"></span>两种液体互相溶解时，量多的一种是溶剂，量少的是溶质<span class="_ _5"></span>；<span class="_ _5"></span>当溶液中有水存在时，不论水的量有多</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y2f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">少，我们习惯上都把水当成溶剂，其它为溶质。<span class="_ _2"></span>）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y30 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">23<span class="ff3">、固体溶<span class="_ _0"></span>解度<span class="_ _3"></span>：<span class="_ _3"></span><span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">在一定温度下，某固态物质在<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">100<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>克溶剂里达到饱和状态时所溶解的质量，就叫做这</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y31 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">种物质在这种溶剂里的溶解度<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y32 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">24<span class="ff3">、酸：<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">电离时生成的阳离子全部都是氢离子的化合物<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y33 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">如：<span class="ff5">HCl==H+ + Cl - </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y34 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">HNO3==H+ + NO3- </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y35 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">H2SO4==2H+ + SO42- </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y36 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">碱：电离时生成的阴离子全部都是氢氧根离子的化合物<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y37 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">如：<span class="ff5">KOH==K+ + OH - </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y38 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">NaOH==Na+ + OH - </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y39 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ba(OH)2==Ba2+ + 2OH - </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y3a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">盐：电离时生成金属离子和酸根离子的化合物<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y3b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">如：<span class="ff5">KNO3==K+ + NO3- </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y3c ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Na2SO4==2Na+ + SO42- </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y3d ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">BaCl2==Ba2+ + 2Cl - </div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y3e ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">25<span class="ff3">、酸性氧<span class="_ _0"></span>化物（属于非金<span class="_ _0"></span>属氧化物）<span class="_ _6"></span>：<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">凡能跟碱起反应，生成盐和水的氧化物<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y1e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">碱性氧化物（属于金属氧化物）<span class="_ _2"></span>：凡能跟酸起反应，生成盐和水的氧化物<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y3f ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">26<span class="ff3">、结晶水<span class="_ _0"></span>合物<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：含有结晶水的物质（如：<span class="ff5">Na2CO3 .10H2O</span>、<span class="ff5">CuSO4 . 5H2O</span>）<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y40 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">27<span class="ff3">、潮解<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：某物质能吸收空气里的水分而变潮的现象<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y21 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">风化：结晶水合物在常温下放在干燥的空气里，<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y22 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">能逐渐失去结晶水而成为粉末的现象<span class="ff5"> </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div><div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89696450/bg3.jpg"><div class="c x1 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>3 <span class="_"> </span></span>页<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>共<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>49 <span class="_"> </span></span>页</div></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y41 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">28<span class="ff3">、燃烧<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：可燃物跟氧气发生的一种发光发热的剧烈的氧化反应<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y42 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">燃烧的条件：①可燃物；②氧气<span class="ff5">(</span>或空气<span class="ff5">)</span>；③可燃物的温度要达到着火点。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y43 ff3 fs2 fc1 sc1 ls0 ws0">二、基本知<span class="_ _0"></span>识、理论：<span class="ff4"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y44 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">1<span class="ff3">、空气的成<span class="_ _0"></span>分<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：氮气占<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">78%, </span>氧气占<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">21%, </span>稀有气体占<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">0.94%, </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y45 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">二氧化碳占<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">0.03%,</span>其它气体与杂质占<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">0.03% </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y46 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">2<span class="ff3">、主要的空<span class="_ _0"></span>气污染物<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：<span class="ff5">NO2 </span>、<span class="ff5">CO</span>、<span class="ff5">SO2</span>、<span class="ff5">H2S</span>、<span class="ff5">NO<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>等物质<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y47 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">3<span class="ff3">、其它常见<span class="_ _0"></span>气体的化学式<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：<span class="ff5">NH3</span>（氨气）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">CO</span>（一氧化碳）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">CO2</span>（二氧化碳）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">CH4</span>（甲烷）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y48 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">SO2<span class="ff1">（二氧化硫）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">SO3</span>（三氧化硫）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">NO</span>（一氧化氮）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y49 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">NO2<span class="ff1">（二氧化氮）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">H2S</span>（硫化氢）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">HCl</span>（氯化氢）<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y4a ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">4<span class="ff3">、常见的酸<span class="_ _0"></span>根或离子<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：<span class="ff5">SO42-(</span>硫酸根<span class="ff5">)</span>、<span class="ff5">NO3-(</span>硝酸根<span class="ff5">)</span>、<span class="ff5">CO32-(</span>碳酸根<span class="ff5">)</span>、<span class="ff5">ClO3-(</span>氯酸<span class="ff5">)</span>、<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y4b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">MnO4-(<span class="ff1">高锰酸根</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>MnO42-(<span class="ff1">锰酸根</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>PO43-(<span class="ff1">磷酸根</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>Cl-(<span class="ff1">氯离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y4c ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">HCO3-(<span class="ff1">碳酸氢根</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>HSO4-(<span class="ff1">硫酸氢根</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>HPO42-(<span class="ff1">磷酸氢根</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y4d ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">H2PO4-(<span class="ff1">磷酸二氢根</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>OH-(<span class="ff1">氢氧根</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>HS-(<span class="ff1">硫氢根</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>S2-(<span class="ff1">硫离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y4e ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">NH4+(<span class="ff1">铵根或铵离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>K+(<span class="ff1">钾离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>Ca2+(<span class="ff1">钙离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>Na+(<span class="ff1">钠离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y4f ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Mg2+(<span class="ff1">镁离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>Al3+(<span class="ff1">铝离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>Zn2+(<span class="ff1">锌离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>Fe2+(<span class="ff1">亚铁离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y50 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Fe3+(<span class="ff1">铁离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>Cu2+(<span class="ff1">铜离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>Ag+(<span class="ff1">银离子</span>)<span class="ff1">、</span>Ba2+(<span class="ff1">钡离子</span>) </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y51 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">各元素或原子团的化合价与上面离子的电荷数相对应：课本<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">P80 </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y52 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">一价钾钠氢和银，二价钙镁钡和锌；<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y53 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">一二铜汞二三铁，三价铝来四价硅。<span class="_ _2"></span>（氧<span class="ff5">-2</span>，氯化物中的氯为<span class="ff5"> -1</span>，氟<span class="ff5">-1</span>，溴为<span class="ff5">-1</span>）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y54 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">（单质中，元素的化合价为<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">0 </span>；在化合物里，各元素的化合价的代数和为<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">0</span>）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y55 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">5<span class="ff3">、化学式和<span class="_ _0"></span>化合价<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y56 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">（<span class="ff4">1</span>）化学式<span class="_ _0"></span>的意义：<span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">①宏观意义：<span class="ff5">a.</span>表示一种物质；<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y57 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">b.<span class="ff1">表示该物质的元素组成；</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y58 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">②微观意义：<span class="ff5">a.</span>表示该物质的一个分子；<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y59 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">b.<span class="ff1">表示该物质的分子构成；</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y5a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">③量的意义：<span class="ff5">a.</span>表示物质的一个分子中各原子个数比；<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y5b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">b.<span class="ff1">表示组成物质的各元素质量比。</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y5c ff3 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">（<span class="ff4">2</span>）单质化<span class="_ _0"></span>学式的读写<span class="ff4"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y5d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">①直接用元素符号表示的：<span class="ff5">a.</span>金属单质。如：钾<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">K </span>铜<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">Cu </span>银<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">Ag </span>等；<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y5e ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">b.<span class="ff1">固态非金属。如：碳<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>C <span class="ff1">硫<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>S <span class="ff1">磷<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>P <span class="ff1">等</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y5f ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">c.<span class="ff1">稀有气体。如：氦</span>(<span class="ff1">气</span>)He <span class="ff1">氖</span>(<span class="ff1">气</span>)Ne <span class="ff1">氩</span>(<span class="ff1">气</span>)Ar<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">等</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y60 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">②多原子构成分子的单质：其分子由几个同种原子构成的就在元素符号右下角写几。<span class="ff5"> </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div><div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89696450/bg4.jpg"><div class="c x1 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>4 <span class="_"> </span></span>页<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>共<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>49 <span class="_"> </span></span>页</div></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y23 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">如：每个氧气分子是由<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">2<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>个氧原子构成，则氧气的化学式为<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">O2 </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y42 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">双原子分子单质化学式：<span class="ff5">O2</span>（氧气）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">N2</span>（氮气）<span class="ff5"> </span>、<span class="ff5">H2</span>（氢气）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y25 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">F2<span class="ff1">（氟气）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">Cl2</span>（氯气）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">Br2</span>（液态溴）<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y26 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">多原子分子单质化学式：臭氧<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">O3<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>等<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y61 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">（<span class="ff4">3</span>）化合物<span class="_ _0"></span>化学式的读写：<span class="_ _0"></span>先读的后写，后<span class="_ _0"></span>写的先读<span class="ff4"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y62 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">①两种元素组成的化合物：读成<span class="ff5">“</span>某化某<span class="ff5">”<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ff1">，如：<span class="ff5">MgO</span>（氧化镁）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">NaCl</span>（氯化钠）<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y63 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">②酸根与金属元素组成的化合物：读成<span class="ff5">“</span>某酸某<span class="ff5">”<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ff1">，如：<span class="ff5">KMnO4</span>（高锰酸钾）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">K2MnO4</span>（锰酸钾）<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y64 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">MgSO4<span class="ff1">（硫酸镁）<span class="_ _2"></span>、<span class="ff5">CaCO3</span>（碳酸钙）<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y65 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">（<span class="ff4">4</span>）根据化<span class="_ _0"></span>学式判断元素化<span class="_ _0"></span>合价，根据元素<span class="_ _0"></span>化合价写出化<span class="_ _0"></span>合物的化学式：<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff4"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y66 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">①判断元素化合价的依据是：化合物中正负化合价代数和为零。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y2d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">②根据元素化合价写化学式的步骤：<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y67 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a.<span class="ff1">按元素化合价正左负右写出元素符号并标出化合价；</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y68 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">b.<span class="ff1">看元素化合价是否有约数，并约成最简比；</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y69 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">c.<span class="ff1">交叉对调把已约成最简比的化合价写在元素符号的右下角。</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y6a ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">6<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff3">核外电子排布<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">：<span class="ff5">1-20<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>号元素（要记住元素的名称及原子结构示意图）<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y6b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">排布规律：①每层最多排<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">2n2<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>个电子（<span class="ff5">n<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>表示层数）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y33 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">②最外层电子数不超过<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">8<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>个（最外层为第一层不超过<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">2<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>个）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y34 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">③先排满内层再排外层<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y35 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">注：元素的化学性质取决于最外层电子数<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y36 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">金属元素<span class="ff5"> </span>原子的最外层电子数<span class="ff5">< 4</span>，易失电子，化学性质活泼。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y37 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">非金属元素<span class="ff5"> </span>原子的最外层电子数≥<span class="ff5"> 4</span>，易得电子，化学性质活泼。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y38 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">稀有气体元素<span class="ff5"> </span>原子的最外层有<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">8<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>个电子（<span class="ff5">He<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>有<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">2<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>个）<span class="_ _2"></span>，结构稳定，性质稳定。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y6c ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">7<span class="ff3">、书写化学<span class="_ _0"></span>方程式的原则：<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff1 fs4 sc0">①以客观事实为依据；<span class="ff5"> </span>②遵循质量守恒定律<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y3a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">书写化学方程式的步骤：<span class="ff5">“</span>写<span class="ff5">”<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ff1">、<span class="ff5">“</span>配<span class="ff5">”<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ff1">、<span class="ff5">“</span>注<span class="ff5">”“</span>等<span class="ff5">”<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ff1">。<span class="ff5"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y6d ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">8<span class="ff3">、酸碱度的<span class="_ _0"></span>表示方法</span>——<span class="_ _0"></span>PH<span class="_ _8"> </span><span class="ff3">值</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y3c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">说明：<span class="_ _2"></span>（<span class="ff5">1</span>）<span class="ff5">PH<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>值<span class="ff5">=7</span>，溶液呈中性；<span class="ff5">PH<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>值<span class="ff5"><7</span>，溶液呈酸性；<span class="ff5">PH<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>值<span class="ff5">>7</span>，溶液呈碱性。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y3d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">（<span class="ff5">2</span>）<span class="_ _9"></span><span class="ff5">PH<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">值越接近<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>0<span class="ff1">，酸性越强；</span>PH<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff1">值越接近<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>14<span class="ff1">，碱性越强；</span>PH<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff1">值越接近<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>7<span class="ff1">，溶液的酸、碱性就越弱，越</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y6e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">接近中性。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y6f ff4 fs3 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">9<span class="ff3">、金属活动<span class="_ _0"></span>性顺序表：</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y1f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">（钾、钙、钠、镁、铝、锌、铁、锡、铅、氢、铜、汞、银、铂、金）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y20 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">说明：<span class="_ _2"></span>（<span class="ff5">1</span>）越左金属活动性就越强，左边的金属可以从右边金属的盐溶液中置换出该金属出来<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y21 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">（<span class="ff5">2</span>）排在氢左边的金属，可以从酸中置换出氢气；排在氢右边的则不能。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y70 ff6 fs5 fc1 sc1 ls0 ws0">三、物质俗<span class="_ _0"></span>名及其对应<span class="_ _0"></span>的化学式和化<span class="_ _0"></span>学名：</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div><div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89696450/bg5.jpg"><div class="c x1 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>5 <span class="_"> </span></span>页<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>共<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span>49 <span class="_"> </span></span>页</div></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y23 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">⑴金刚石、石墨：<span class="ff5">C </span>⑵水银、汞：<span class="ff5">Hg (3)</span>生石灰、氧化钙：<span class="ff5">CaO (4)</span>干冰（固体二氧化碳）<span class="_ _2"></span>：<span class="ff5">CO2 (5)</span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y71 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">盐酸、氢氯酸：<span class="ff5">HCl (6)</span>亚硫酸：<span class="ff5">H2SO3 (7)</span>氢硫酸：<span class="ff5">H2S (8)</span>熟石灰、消石灰：<span class="ff5">Ca(OH)2 (9)</span>苛性钠、</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y25 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">火碱、烧碱：<span class="ff5">NaOH (10)</span>纯碱：<span class="ff5">Na2CO3 </span>碳酸钠晶体、纯碱晶体：<span class="ff5">Na2CO3·10H2O (11)</span>碳酸氢钠、酸式碳</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y26 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">酸钠<span class="_ _a"></span>：<span class="_ _a"></span><span class="ff5">NaHCO3 (<span class="ff1">也叫小苏打）</span> (12)<span class="ff1">胆矾、<span class="_ _b"></span>蓝矾、<span class="_ _b"></span>硫酸铜晶体<span class="_ _a"></span>：<span class="_ _a"></span><span class="ff5">CuSO4·5H2O (13)<span class="ff1">铜绿、<span class="_ _b"></span>孔雀石<span class="_ _a"></span>：<span class="_ _a"></span><span class="ff5">Cu2(OH)2CO3</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y27 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">（分解生成三种氧化物的物质）<span class="ff5"> (14)</span>甲醇：<span class="ff5">CH3OH </span>有毒、失明、死亡<span class="ff5"> (15)</span>酒精、乙醇：<span class="ff5">C2H5OH (16)</span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y72 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">醋酸、乙酸（<span class="ff5">16.6</span>℃冰醋酸）<span class="ff5">CH3COOH</span>（<span class="ff5">CH3COO- </span>醋酸根离子）<span class="ff5"> </span>具有酸的通性<span class="ff5"> (17)</span>氨气：<span class="ff5">NH3 </span>（碱性气</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y73 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">体）<span class="ff5"> <span class="_ _0"></span> (18)</span>氨<span class="_ _0"></span>水、一<span class="_ _0"></span>水合氨：<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff5">NH3·H2O</span>（为<span class="_ _0"></span>常见的<span class="_ _0"></span>碱，具<span class="_ _0"></span>有碱的<span class="_ _0"></span>通性，是<span class="_ _0"></span>一种不<span class="_ _0"></span>含金属<span class="_ _0"></span>离子的<span class="_ _0"></span>碱）<span class="ff5"> <span class="_ _0"></span> (19)</span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y74 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">亚硝酸钠：<span class="ff5">NaNO2 </span>（工业用盐、有毒）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y75 ff6 fs5 fc1 sc1 ls0 ws0">四、常见物<span class="_ _0"></span>质的颜色的<span class="_ _0"></span>状态<span class="ff7"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y76 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="ff1">、白色固体<span class="_ _5"></span>：<span class="_ _5"></span><span class="ff5">MgO<span class="ff1">、</span>P2O5<span class="ff1">、</span>CaO<span class="ff1">、</span> NaOH<span class="ff1">、</span>Ca(OH)2<span class="ff1">、</span>KClO3<span class="ff1">、</span>KCl<span class="ff1">、</span>Na2CO3<span class="ff1">、</span>NaCl<span class="ff1">、无水<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>CuSO4<span class="ff1">；<span class="_ _5"></span>铁、镁为银</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y77 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">白色（汞为银白色液态）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y4c ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2<span class="ff1">、黑色固体：石墨、炭粉、铁粉、</span>CuO<span class="ff1">、</span>MnO2<span class="ff1">、Fe3O4▲KMnO4<span class="_ _7"> </span>为紫黑色</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y4d ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3<span class="ff1">、红色固体：</span>Cu<span class="ff1">、</span>Fe2O3 <span class="ff1">、</span>HgO<span class="ff1">、红磷▲硫：淡黄色▲</span> Cu2(OH)2CO3<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">为绿色</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y4e ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4<span class="ff1">、溶液的颜色<span class="_ _c"></span>：<span class="_ _c"></span>凡含<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">Cu2+</span>的溶液呈蓝色<span class="_ _c"></span>；<span class="_ _c"></span>凡含<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">Fe2+</span>的溶液呈浅绿色<span class="_ _c"></span>；<span class="_ _c"></span>凡含<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">Fe3+</span>的溶液呈棕黄色，其余溶</span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y78 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">液一般不无色。<span class="_ _2"></span>（高锰酸钾溶液为紫红色）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y50 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5<span class="ff1">、沉淀</span>(<span class="ff1">即不溶于水的盐和碱）<span class="_ _2"></span>：<span class="_ _4"></span>①盐<span class="_ _3"></span>：<span class="_ _3"></span>白色↓：<span class="_ _3"></span><span class="ff5">CaCO3<span class="ff1">、</span>BaCO3<span class="ff1">（溶于酸）</span> AgCl<span class="ff1">、</span>BaSO4(<span class="ff1">也不溶于稀<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>HNO3) </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y79 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">等②碱：蓝色↓：<span class="ff5">Cu(OH)2 </span>红褐色↓：<span class="ff5">Fe(OH)3<span class="_ _7"> </span></span>白色↓。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y52 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">6<span class="ff1">、<span class="_ _2"></span>（<span class="ff5">1</span>）具有刺激性气体的气体：<span class="ff5">NH3</span>、<span class="ff5">SO2</span>、<span class="ff5">HCl</span>（皆为无色）<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y53 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">（<span class="ff5">2</span>）无色无味的气体：<span class="ff5">O2</span>、<span class="ff5">H2</span>、<span class="ff5">N2</span>、<span class="ff5">CO2</span>、<span class="ff5">CH4</span>、<span class="ff5">CO</span>（剧毒）<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y54 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">▲注意：具有刺激性气味的液体：盐酸、硝酸、醋酸。酒精为有特殊气体的液体。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y7a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">7<span class="ff1">、有毒的，气体：</span>CO <span class="ff1">液体：</span>CH3OH <span class="ff4 fs2 sc2"> </span><span class="ff1">固体：</span>NaNO2 CuSO4(<span class="ff1">可作杀菌剂</span> ,<span class="ff1">与熟石灰混合配成天蓝色的粘稠</span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y7b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">状物质<span class="ff5">——<span class="ff3 fs2 sc2">波尔多液</span>) </span></div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y7c ff6 fs5 fc1 sc1 ls0 ws0">五、物质的<span class="_ _0"></span>溶解性<span class="ff7"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y7d ff4 fs2 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">1<span class="ff3">、盐的溶<span class="_ _0"></span>解性</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y5b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">含有钾、钠、硝酸根、铵根的物质都溶于水<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y7e ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Cl<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff1">的化合物只有<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>AgCl<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff1">不溶于水，其他都溶于水；</span> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y5d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">含<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">SO42</span>－<span class="ff5"> </span>的化合物只有<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">BaSO4 </span>不溶于水，其他都溶于水。<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y5e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">含<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff5">CO32</span>－<span class="ff5"> </span>的物质只有<span class="_ _1"> </span><span class="ff5">K2CO3</span>、<span class="ff5">Na2CO3</span>、<span class="_ _2"></span>（<span class="ff5">NH4</span>）<span class="ff5">2CO3<span class="_ _1"> </span></span>溶于水，其他都不溶于水<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y7f ff4 fs2 fc0 sc2 ls0 ws0">2<span class="ff3">、碱的溶<span class="_ _0"></span>解性</span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>