1计组往年ppt2复习资料整理3大题例题4考试范围
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1计组往年ppt2复习资料整理3大题例题4考试范围 <link href="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/css/base.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/css/fancy.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89499229/raw.css" rel="stylesheet"/><div id="sidebar" style="display: none"><div id="outline"></div></div><div class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1" id="pf1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img alt="" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89499229/bg1.jpg"/><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">COMPUTER ORGANIZA<span class="_ _0"></span>TION</div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws0">计算机组成原理</div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y4 ff3 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Chapter 3 : Instru<span class="_ _1"></span>ctions: Language <span class="_ _2"></span>of the Computer</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y5 ff2 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="ff3">3</span>章<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="ls2">指令系统</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h6 y6 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Lecturer<span class="ff5">：</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 y7 ff4 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws0">Zhang <span class="ls0">Xiaotong<span class="_"> </span>(<span class="ff5">张晓彤</span>)</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 y8 ff4 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Liu Honglan<span class="_"> </span>(<span class="ff5 ls1">刘宏岚</span>)</div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y9 ff4 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws0">2020<span class="ls0">-</span>03<span class="ls0">-</span>23</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div><div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89499229/bg2.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x8 h8 ya ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls2 ws0">3.1<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff2">指令流水提高性能</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h8 yb ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls2 ws0">3.2 <span class="ff2">指令格式（含发展，例题）</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h8 yc ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls2 ws0">3.4 <span class="ff2">典型指令的逻辑电路设计</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h8 yd ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls2 ws0">3.5 <span class="ff2">面向逻辑电路的指令控制</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h8 ye ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls2 ws0">3.3 <span class="ff2">寻址技术（含设计范例）</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 yf ff6 fs4 fc2 sc1 ls2 ws0">3.6 <span class="ff2">典型指令的数据通路设计</span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div><div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89499229/bg3.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 xa h9 y10 ff4 fs5 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fc8 sc0">3</span></div><div class="t m0 xb ha y11 ff4 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1<span class="fc8 sc0"> </span><span class="ff2">指令流<span class="_ _1"></span>水提高性<span class="_ _1"></span>能</span></div></div><div class="c xc y12 w3 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 hc y13 ff5 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">①</div></div><div class="c xd y12 w4 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 hd y14 ff7 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls4 ws0">面向摩尔定律的设计</div></div><div class="c x6 y15 w5 he"><div class="t m0 xe hf y16 ff5 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">面对“摩尔定律”揭示的快速变化，</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 xf hf y17 ff5 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls4 ws0">设计者必须预测设计完成时</div></div><div class="c x6 y15 w5 he"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y18 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws0">的性能和工艺水平</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y19 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">，而不是设计开始时的<span class="_ _4"> </span>。</div></div><div class="c xc y1a w3 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y1b ff5 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">②</div></div><div class="c xd y1a w4 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y1c ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">使用抽象简化设计</div></div><div class="c x6 y1d w5 h13"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y1e ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws0">计算机</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x11 h10 y1f ff5 fs9 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">架构师<span class="fc3">和</span>程序员<span class="fc6 ls5">提高</span><span class="fc3">硬件和软件</span>生<span class="_ _1"></span>产率</div></div><div class="c x6 y1d w5 h13"><div class="t m0 x12 h10 y1e ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">的主要技术之一是<span class="_ _1"></span>：</div><div class="t m0 xe h10 y20 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws0">使用</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x13 h14 y21 ff5 fs9 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">抽象（<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">abstraction <span class="_ _1"></span></span>）<span class="fc3">来表示不同的设计</span>层次<span class="fc3">，在高层次中</span></div></div><div class="c x6 y1d w5 h13"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y22 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws0">看不到低层次的细节</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x14 h14 y23 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">，只能看到一个简化<span class="_ _1"></span>的模型（<span class="ff4">zxt: <span class="_ _6"></span></span>中间过程</div></div><div class="c x6 y1d w5 h13"><div class="t m0 xe hf y24 ff5 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">用转换模型实现，如编译器</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x15 hf y25 ff5 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls4 ws0">）。</div></div><div class="c xc y26 w3 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y27 ff5 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">③</div></div><div class="c xd y26 w4 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y28 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">加速大概率事件</div></div><div class="c x6 y29 w5 he"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y2a ff5 fs9 fc6 sc0 ls1 ws0">加速</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x13 h14 y2b ff5 fs9 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">大概率事件<span class="fc3">（<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="ff4">common <span class="_ _1"></span>case f<span class="_ _1"></span>a<span class="ls6">st</span></span>）远比<span class="fc6">优化</span></span>小概率事</div></div><div class="c x6 y29 w5 he"><div class="t m0 x16 h10 y2a ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">件更能</div><div class="t m0 xe h10 y2c ff5 fs9 fc6 sc0 ls1 ws0">提高性能</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x17 h10 y2d ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">。</div></div><div class="c xc y2e w3 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y27 ff5 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">④</div></div><div class="c xd y2e w4 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y28 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">通过并行提高性能</div></div><div class="c x6 y2f w5 h15"><div class="t m0 xe h14 y30 ff4 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">parallel performance</div></div><div class="c xc y31 w3 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y32 ff5 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">⑤</div></div><div class="c xd y31 w4 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y33 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">通过流水线提高性能</div></div><div class="c x6 y34 w5 h15"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y35 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws0">计算机系统结构，使用流水线（</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x18 h14 y36 ff4 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">pipelining<span class="_ _1"></span><span class="ff5 ls1">）技术</span></div></div><div class="c xc y37 w3 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y38 ff5 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">⑥</div></div><div class="c xd y37 w4 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y39 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">通过预测提高性能</div></div><div class="c x6 y1 w5 h16"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y3a ff5 fs9 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">误预测</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x11 h10 y3a ff5 fs9 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">恢复<span class="fc2">代价小<span class="fc3">，且预测准确率高时，通过猜测<span class="_ _1"></span>的方式提前开</span></span></div></div><div class="c x6 y1 w5 h16"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y3b ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws0">始某些操作，比等到确切后</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x19 h10 y3b ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">才开始时要快。</div></div><div class="c xc y3c w3 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y3d ff5 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">⑦</div></div><div class="c xd y3c w4 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y3e ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">存储器层次</div></div><div class="c x6 y3f w5 h15"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y40 ff5 fs9 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">理想</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x13 h10 y41 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">：存储器速度快<span class="_ _5"> </span>、容量大<span class="_ _5"> </span>、<span class="_ _5"> </span>价格便宜。<span class="fc2 ls2">解决</span>：<span class="fc6">金字塔层次</span></div></div><div class="c x6 y3f w5 h15"><div class="t m0 x1a h10 y40 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">。</div></div><div class="c xc y1 w3 h17"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y42 ff5 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">⑧</div></div><div class="c xd y1 w4 h17"><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y43 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">通过冗余提高可靠性</div></div><div class="c x6 y1 w5 h18"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y44 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws0">计算机不仅需要速度快，还需要工作可靠</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x1b h10 y44 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws0">。使用冗余部件可提高</div></div><div class="c x6 y1 w5 h18"><div class="t m0 xe h10 y45 ff5 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws0">系统的可靠性（</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x1c h14 y45 ff4 fs9 fc3 sc0 ls7 ws0">dependable<span class="ff5 ls0">）</span></div><div class="t m0 x1d h19 y46 ff2 fs0 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">计算机<span class="_ _1"></span>系统<span class="_ _1"></span>结构设计中的<span class="_ _7"> </span><span class="ff4 ls8">8<span class="fc8 sc0"> </span></span><span class="ls2">个伟大思想</span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div><div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89499229/bg4.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x1e h1a y47 ff4 fsb fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">Introductions</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y10 ff4 fs5 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fc8 sc0">4</span></div></div><div class="c x1f y48 w6 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y49 ff5 fsa fc5 sc2 ls0 ws0">①</div></div><div class="c x1d y4a w7 h1b"><div class="t m0 x0 h1c y4b ff8 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _8"></span>o command(</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x20 h1d y4c ff9 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">支配<span class="ffa">) a computer‘s hardw<span class="_ _1"></span>are, <span class="_ _2"></span>y<span class="_ _2"></span>ou must speak its language. </span></div></div><div class="c x1d y4a w7 h1b"><div class="t m0 x0 h1c y4d ff8 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">The </div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x3 h1c y4e ff8 fsa fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">w<span class="_ _1"></span>ords<span class="fc5">(<span class="ff9">单词</span>) of a <span class="ffa fc6">computer<span class="_ _9"></span>’<span class="_ _a"></span>s language<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff8 fc5">are called <span class="fc6">instr<span class="_ _2"></span>uctions<span class="fc5">(<span class="ff9">指令</span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div class="c x1d y4a w7 h1b"><div class="t m0 x21 h1c y4d ff8 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">), and </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1c y4f ff8 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">its </div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x22 h1c y50 ff8 fsa fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">v<span class="_ _2"></span>ocabulary<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="fc5">(<span class="ff9">词汇表</span>) <span class="_ _1"></span>i<span class="_ _1"></span>s called an <span class="fc6">instruction set</span>(<span class="ff9">指令集</span><span class="ls9">).</span></span></div></div><div class="c x1d y51 w7 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 hd y52 ff7 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls4 ws0">每条</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x23 hd y53 ff7 fs7 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">指令<span class="fc5">的</span><span class="ls4">符号表示<span class="fc5">就是</span>汇编语言</span><span class="fc5">的</span><span class="ls4">语句</span><span class="fc5">。</span></div></div><div class="c x1f y54 w6 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y27 ff5 fsa fc5 sc2 ls0 ws0">②</div></div><div class="c x1d y54 w7 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h1d y28 ff9 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">机器语言（形式语言，</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x24 h1d y55 ffb fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">formal-language<span class="ff9">）</span></div></div><div class="c x1d y56 w7 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 hd y1c ff7 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls4 ws0">比自然语言简单，通常</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x24 hd y57 ffc fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">CPU<span class="ff7 ls4">的指令也就</span><span class="lsa">100<span class="ff7 ls4">多条。</span></span></div></div><div class="c x1f y58 w6 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y27 ff5 fsa fc5 sc2 ls0 ws0">③</div></div><div class="c x1d y58 w7 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h1d y28 ffb fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">In reality computer languages are <span class="_ _2"></span>quite similar<span class="_ _b"></span>.</div></div><div class="c x1d y59 w7 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 hd y33 ff7 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls4 ws0">计算机语言具有很强的相似性</div></div><div class="c x1f y5a w6 hb"><div class="t m0 x0 h11 y49 ff5 fsa fc5 sc2 ls0 ws0">④</div></div><div class="c x1d y1 w7 h1e"><div class="t m0 x0 h1d y5b ffb fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">This similarity o<span class="_ _1"></span>ccurs because all computers are <span class="_ _2"></span>construct<span class="_ _2"></span>ed from </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1d y5c ffb fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">hardware t<span class="_ _2"></span>echnologies based on </div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x25 h1d y5c ffb fsa fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">similar underlying principles<span class="fc5">[<span class="ff9">相同的硬</span></span></div></div><div class="c x1d y1 w7 h1e"><div class="t m0 x0 h1d y5d ff9 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">件原理</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x26 h1d y5d ffb fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">] and because ther<span class="_ _2"></span>e are <span class="fc6">a few basic operations<span class="_"> </span></span>that </div></div><div class="c x1d y1 w7 h1e"><div class="t m0 x27 h1d y5d ffb fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">all computers </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1d y5e ffb fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">must provide</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x28 h1d y5e ffb fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">[<span class="ff9">一些基本操作是所有计算机都支持的</span>]</div></div><div class="c x1d y1 w7 h1f"><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y5f ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">由于计算机建立在具有</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x24 h12 y5f ff7 fsa fc6 sc0 ls1 ws0">相似底层原理的硬件技术基础</div></div><div class="c x1d y1 w7 h1f"><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y5f ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">上，所以学会一种机器语言，</div><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y60 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">其它语言也就很容易理解了，计算机专业要知道一种高级编程语言的工作本质，而</div><div class="t m0 x0 h12 y61 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">不追求多种高级语言。</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div><div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="/image.php?url=https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/89499229/bg5.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h0"><div class="t m0 x1e h1a y47 ff4 fsb fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">Introductions</div><div class="t m0 xe h1c y62 ff8 fsa fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">(bp48)</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y10 ff4 fs5 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws0">5</div><div class="t m0 x29 h20 y63 ff8 fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">computer <span class="_ _2"></span>designers hav<span class="_ _2"></span>e a comm<span class="_ _2"></span>on goal<span class="ff9">（计算机设计者共同追求）<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ff8">:</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 h21 y64 ff4 fsd fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _0"></span>o <span class="_ _2"></span>find a <span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ff8 fc7">language<span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff4 fc5">that <span class="_ _2"></span>makes <span class="_ _2"></span>it <span class="ff8 fc7">easy<span class="_ _a"></span> <span class="_ _1"></span>to bui<span class="_ _2"></span>ld the <span class="_ _2"></span>hard<span class="_ _2"></span>ware <span class="_ _2"></span>and the </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 h20 y65 ff8 fsc fc7 sc0 ls0 ws0">compiler<span class="ff4">(<span class="ff7">更容易构造<span class="fc6">硬件</span>和<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="fc6">编译器<span class="ff4 fc7">)<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="fc5">while maximizing performance(<span class="ff7">性能</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x29 h22 y66 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">高<span class="ff4">) and minimizing <span class="_ _2"></span>cost(<span class="ff7">成本低</span><span class="lsb">).</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2a h23 y67 ff7 fse fc9 sc0 ls0 ws0">计算机设计者共同目的是：</div><div class="t m0 x2a h23 y68 ff7 fse fc9 sc0 ls0 ws0">找到一种（编程）<span class="fc7 ls1">语言</span>，使之<span class="fc7 lsc">易于</span><span class="fc6">构建<span class="fc7 ls1">硬件</span></span>和</div><div class="t m0 x2a h24 y69 ff7 fsf fc7 sc0 ls4 ws0">编译器<span class="fc9 ls0">，同时最大限<span class="_ _2"></span>度地<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="fc7">提高性能<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="fc9">并<span class="fc7">降低成本<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="fc9">。</span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>